Ciss Sequence An Ameliorator Of Mri In Intracranial Pathologies

3D constructive interference in steady state (CISS) is a type of gradient echo MR sequence with accentuated T2 signal and increased T2/T1 contrast. CISS sequence is known for its use in cranial nerve visualisation and its pathologies but it is also of use in certain other pathologies as visualisation of scolex in NCC, intraventricular web visualisation, tumor delineation and CSF cleft visualisation. In this article we review the physics of CISS sequence and its advantages in the evaluation of various pathologies with few representative cases