The purpose of this review to update the prevalence of nephrolithiasis in India. It is a review based on 85 articles collected from pubmed. With the changes in the socio economic conditions there will be a gradual change in the prevalence, incidence and distribution for age, sex, and type of urolithiasis in terms of both the site and the chemical-physical composition of calculi. The prevalence rate of the stone disease can be determined through a thorough understanding of aetiology, epidemology and pathogenesis of urinary tract stone disease is necessary so as to develop an effective medical prophylactic program. In India , about 12% of population is expected to have urinary stone, out of the total 50% may end their life with loss of kidneys or renal damage. Nearly 15% of population of northern India suffers from kidney stones. Urinary calculi occurances fewer in southern India.
