Periodontitis is an inflammatory disease which is microbial in origin resulting in destruction of the periodontal ligament, alveolar bone and cementum. The major goals of periodontal therapy are to arrest the progression of the disease and reconstruction of lost attachment apparatus. The conventional mechanical therapy results in healing through the formation of long junctional epithelium. Though long junctional epithelium may be a stable attachment, absence of periodontal ligament attachment to the root surface compromises the strength of attachment between bone and the tooth. The continued function of the periodontally involved tooth requires additional support and reconstruction of the lost periodontium. This can be achieved by bone grafts and their substitutes. Bone grafts have been in use for several decades for reconstruction of bone. The bone grafts function as structural scaffolds and matrices for clot development, maturation and remodeling in osseous defects and support bone formation through osteoconduction or osteoinduction. Bone grafts are indicated in different therapies such as treatment of bone defects, reconstruction of alveolar ridge, socket preservation, sinus lift, treatment of peri-implantitis and endodontic surgeries. This review article deals with the biology of bone Healing & outcomes with the different types of bone grafts when used as a monotherapy in periodontal reconstruction
