Pattern diversity has been reinforced in various body inhabitant include gut. Gut as a microbial inhabitants interact with host immune system and influence both innate and adaptive immune function. Emerging studies referred gut among the major sites of microbial inhabitant in human body. Commensal enteric bacterial and fungi gives antigenic stimulation that rides pathogenic adaptive immune response both in genetically defects and innate bacterial killing cause recruitment of microbial antigens that can lead to activation of immunological tolerance by the mucosal immune system. Alteration of microbial composition and function in IBD causes increase immune stimulation and mucosal permeability enhanced and epithelial dysfunction, as a result of continuous stimulation of pathogenic immune response that may cause host genetic defects in mucosal barrier function, innate bacterial killing and immunoregulation. Studies had it that antitumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) therapy reduced mucosal inflammation and reduced intestinal permeability in IBD. Other agents such as butyrate, zinc and probiotics also ameliorate mucosal barrier dysfunction but availability are limited. More research is needed to identify the potential therapeutic target in IBD.
