Background: Chronic kidney disease is characterized by slowly progressive loss of kidney function over a period of years and eventually leading to permanent kidney failure. CKD is a significant prognosticator of cardiovascular disease. Atherosclerosis is common in patients with risk factors associated with chronic kidney disease. The cardiovascular morbidity and mortality is high in this population. The CIMT is early marker for atherosclerosis. Chronic kidney disease increases the risk of cerebrovascular diseases in patients with vascular risk factors. The complex interactions between cerebrovascular disease and CKD transcend common shared vascular risk factors. Many physiological and metabolic changes that occur with CKD exacerbate cardiovascular dysfunction and propagate pathogenesis of cerebrovascular disease. This aim of this review was to survey the clinical outcomes of CKD using cardiac and vascular markers including CIMT, Lipid profile, and Echocardiography, Cardiac CT and Calcium Scoring, Coronary CT Angiography, Intravascular Ultrasound (IVUS) and OCT.
